(1)Nephroscopy:

Nephroscopy is a way of examining the inside of the kidneys and treating certain conditions in the upper urinary tract. It is performed with the use of a small instrument called a nephroscope. The thin, flexible tube part of the nephroscope is inserted into the skin through a very small cut. It is mainly used to assess and diagnose proximal ureter stones(PUS), foreign matters in the kidney, renal occupied lesions, epithelial tumor of the kidney, etc.

(2)Ureteroscopy:

Ureteroscopy is a procedure in which a small scope is inserted into the bladder and ureter and it is used to diagnose and treat a variety of problems in the urinary tract such as ureteral stone, tumor etc.

(3)Cystoscopy:

Cystoscopy is a procedure in which a cystoscope (a thin tube with camera and light on the end) is inserted through the urethra so that the doctor can visualize the inside of the bladder. It is applicable to diagnose and treat female urethral fistula, interstitial cystitis, contracture of bladder neck, children urolithiasis, chyluria, prostate cyst, etc.